United Nations and Rwanda Genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Nations and Rwanda Genocide - Essay Example The UN organization was formed in 1945 after the World War II ended. It was formed to ensure that the world became a better place of living for everyone. In other words it was formed to avoid war, killings, injustice and promote peace in all areas of the world. It basically aimed to influence all the countries of the world through economic progress, social security and international law. Presently it has 192 Member states which have to follow the rules laid down by the UN in the general assembly along with 5 permanent states and 10 non permanent states in the Security Council. It also has an Economic and Social council which has 54 members and an international court of justice consisting of fifteen judges. It has a Trusteeship council and a secretariat which are discussed subsequently. The United Nations through its five bodies is helping to maintain international politics in such a way that the whole world remains in peace and harmony. It is basically acting as a judge of politics s o that countries do not fight or the populations of the countries do not suffer either financially or physically because of any threat. In order to develop a norm for all the countries international laws are laid down by the United Nations which have to be followed by all the member countries. These international laws are regulated by treaties between the UN and the countries. These treaties are broad as they consider many aspects of the society such as human rights, refugees and border restrictions (United Nations 2010). The question now arises as to if the United Nations has remained successful in achieving its objectives or not. This question can be viewed from several perspectives as some would view the role of United Nations to be limited to only the betterment of itself however some would view the UN to be an organization which is working for the betterment in the society. Rwanda Genocide is cited to be one of the failures by the United Nations organization which shows that th e UN has not been very successful in achieving its objectives. On the contrary many other successful scenarios of UN can also be analyzed all over the world which shows that they have regulated international politics in such a way that many wars have been avoided. An example of Indo Pak can be cited here which was stopped with the help of UN intervention. Rwanda Genocide is cited to be one of the failures by the United Nations organization which shows that the UN has not been very successful in achieving its objectives. The United Nations Security Council played an important role in the failure of the organization in the Rwanda genocide when it did not forward directives to the soldiers to bring an immediate ceasefire between the fighting groups of Hutus and Tutsis. The genocide occurred because of the complete failure of UN as the region of Rwanda had been suffering from trouble since 1918. The trouble began in 1918 when the Belgians took over Rwanda which comprised of two ethnic g roups namely Tutsis and Hutus. The Tutsis were less in number than the Hutus but still they were given the leading positions of the state by the Belgian forces. This was the step which created anger amongst the Hutus and they began to react. After Rwanda gained independence from Belgium the Hutus came with a strike on the Tutsis and exiled them from the region making their own president. The Tutsis then formed a militia known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). In 1991 the RPF launched an attack on the state of Rwanda killing many Hutus and this led to an organization of army by the state leading to massacres of the people living in the region who were mainly Tutsis. It was in 1993 that a pact was signed under the supervision of UN between the RPF and the state government of Rwanda. It was after this act that UN Security Council had to follow all the happenings of the region but it did not do so even though it was constantly reminded by the commander Romeo Dallaire (Dallaire 2004) . In 1993 an army

German Political Theory Essay Example for Free

German Political Theory Essay The early German philosophers have been some of the most controversial and well-acclaimed philosophers in the history of political theory. Individuals such as Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jurgen Habermas have revolutionized the mechanisms of the world of human beings with their daring thoughts and radical insights. It is through their critical thought about the things they observe around them that they have created a new way by which society has been able to move on through the years. One of the more critical aspects of German philosophy is the fact that it is highly diverse. The ideologies and principles, although supposedly based on a single culture, that have come from the different German philosophers are varied to such a point that at times they even counter each other in terms of drive and argument. Simply put, this means that there is no one theory regarding family, society, and government that generated by the popular German philosophers. The progression of theories dealing with the family, society, and government, the interaction that exists between these three, and the implications of these interactions have not bee additive or geared towards aggregation in German philosophy. German philosophy and German political theory has been an assortment of personal criticisms and associations, personal recommendations and personal assertions which were based on observations and solid evidence. Although it has not been an effort towards creating one single vantage point regarding society, German philosophy has been a regulatory force of society. Thus the fact that there are theories disagreeing with one another was highly adaptive to the creative and analytical spirit of the philosophers. The uniqueness of German theorists as compared to other theorists lies in the one characteristic that is shared by their different theories. This is the fact that German theories go to the heart of the matter. They are primarily concerned with controversial issues that are sometimes taken for granted by others. This means that they question what they observe. They question the moral, political, and economic sanctions they themselves grew up with. By changing the way people view and understand their society, German theory has been a main mover of history. How did German philosophers like Kant and Nietzsche conceive of their theories? It was simply through an observation of society and through critical analysis of the dynamics of the interactions of the different factors contributing to society’s continuation. It was through a belief and confidence that their ideas regarding certain issues were indeed more correct and more reflective of society than the theories regarding society and politics that were present during their own time. I will try to accomplish in this paper a description of my own theories regarding family, society, and government as well as the impact these three have on each other. I will include, at certain points, some of the major theories by the more popular German philosophers. However, this will not be an analysis of their theories. This will be a look into my own theories, a conception of my own German political theory, which will be strengthened by arguments from Kant, Hegel, Marx, Engels, Nietzsche, and Habermas – some of which I will agree to and some of which I will disagree to. My own definitions and perceived importance of the three concepts will also be discussed as these will form the base of my theories regarding their interactions with each other. The Family It is said that the family is the basic unit of society. This is a basic fact that is taught to everyone early on in their lives. My paper will, therefore, start off on this basic unit and will build on from here. A majority of the theories and works by the German philosophers fail to mention the family. If the family has been mentioned, it has most often been placed in the backwaters of what the philosophers considered more pressing matters such as society and the ruling class. (Poster, 1978) Definition The family is characterized as a group of individuals that are related to each other through one or a combination of the following features: a) living with each other in the same residence; b) having come from the same blood line; c) having an affinity with one another beyond that found in friends and even more so than that found between mere acquaintances and complete strangers. In today’s society, I don’t think it is appropriate to define the family using its traditional nuclear model – a model having a father, mother, and children in the picture. There are many families today that function without a complete combination of these individuals. Also, there are many cultures that regard a family to be more than just a group of individuals brought together on account of their consanguinity. One could consider, for example, that a group of unrelated individuals who have taken care and love one as more of a true family than the individuals linked directly to that individual through biology. Also, there are many instances of broken families and families with unconventional pairings of figureheads. There are families that exist without the presence of a father or a mother. There are groups considered as families regardless of the fact that the supposed father is no longer the biological father of the children. Same sex marriages with or without children are also considered families despite the traditional view of what a family used to be. It is my belief, therefore, that a family is created as a product of the coming together of individuals with common or parallel goals, who reside together in the same place, and who more frequently have positive regard rather than negative regard for one another. The family is not a unit of society that is to be disregarded as having a small role in the interplay of the various factors of society and government. Its importance and functions are critical in the continuation of the individual, of society, and of the government. Theory on its Importance Despite the fact that almost all the German philosophers have discussed society and government in relation to the individual, I believe the family is a more critical unit to the individual. In fact, the family may have a greater impact on society and government as opposed to the individual. This is not to say that the individual plays a small role as opposed to the family. What I wish to point out, rather, is that the non-consideration of the family has led to a deficit in what most of the German philosophers have conceptualized as the successful as well as faulty mechanisms behind the individual, society, and government. The family can be considered as an individual’s sanctuary from the world. By this, I mean that the family can give a person a feeling of safety, love, and positive regard. It works to encourage the individual and to foster for that individual a sense of trust and acceptance. As Hegel (2001) described it, a family is comprised of members and not individual persons. This indicates the unifying feature of a family. However, these positive regard and functions of this unit for an individual is not met in all families. There are many families with a history of violence and abuse. There are others that simply have feelings of apathy. I believe that in these cases, the individual creates for himself or herself a new family unit, one that I previously defined to have foundations not on biology and consanguinity but rather on other more spiritual and moral factors. However, when we are given the two cases of families – one fostering a positive atmosphere and one fostering a negative or neutral atmosphere for the individual – I stand firm in thinking that both have equal importance in the creation of the individual. It is the family that first affects the individual’s physical, psychological, emotional, and moral development. It is also the family that influences the direction of this growth. This is seen most clearly when we see that the family is in charge of the education of the children that are members of its structure. (Hegel, 2001) Yes, the individual has his or her own say in the way his or her life moves but which one of us can say that we have not been to a great degree relying on our families? And because we are dependent on our families, our families can dictate the decisions we make for ourselves, decisions which add up to create the type of people we are now. Also, it is undeniable that we are more likely to adapt for ourselves the principles and behavior exhibited by our family members. This is why most family members usually resemble each other with regards to likes, dislikes, and tendencies in behavior. The importance of the family to society and to the government will be discussed in the succeeding sections. Suffice it to say at this point that, indeed, as an independent unit of society, the family has important roles to play in an individual’s life. These roles are not merely based on its nurturing qualities but also on the control the family has on an individual’s personality, character, and life. However, it should be noted that the family’s success is in its eventual dissolution as children continue on to create families of their own. (Hegel, 2001) I think that Hegel is right with regards to dissolution being a necessary step in the family process. However, I also believe that this dissolution is only physical. Younger members merely begin to live in different houses in order to form new family units. This does not mean, however, that the family has ceased in its functions in the individual’s life. It still exists as a support system, a guide, and a source of love and nurture. Society The next concept has been touched on and included in the theories of the major German philosophers. Society, by itself, has been dissected and analyzed. Its functions, systems, and importance have been stated, restated, and renewed throughout the history of German political theory. Either way, it is clear that a great many of the concerns and issues faced by an individual come from a larger scale than that of his family. Definition Society is a group of individuals joined together by common interests and who may or may not be identified by similar cultural beliefs and traditions. This means that different ethnic groups may form a society. It is not necessary for society to be based on a single culture. What I mean by this is that a German, an American, and a Pole could just as easily form a single society despite the fact that their cultures of origin are different. A concrete example would be American society. America is a melting pot of cultures. Despite the great number of ethnic groups represented in America, however, all these individuals still belong to one distinct society – the American society. Society is not necessarily linked to nationhood. It can even be used to refer to the entirety of humanity. Depending on the use of the term, society can refer to both a specific group of people and also to all peoples the world over. I believe, however, that society has characteristics that help identify it. These include: 1) membership and a criteria for membership 2) an organizational structure 3) social interaction and behavior By this I mean that a particular society is exclusive. There are only a specific set of individuals who can be allowed to partake of the benefits of belonging to a given society. Because of the very fact that society is comprised of many individuals, there is a need for a basic skeletal structure by which to base its functioning. Also, a society is empty and unable to function without allowing its members to interact with each other. There is a need for the members to be able to interact either directly or indirectly in order for society to continue on its processes. The success of these processes is dependent on the quality of the interaction between the different members of society.

Nathan The Wise :: essays research papers

Continually present in Gotthold Lessing’s play, Nathan the Wise, is the pursuit for truth. In particular, a truth that goes beyond religion, one that reaches to the depths of humanity: human nature’s freedom. In his play, Lessing reveals the freedom of human nature among mankind through the bonds of friendship. Furthermore, Lessing conveys an optimistic view of human nature in such a way that left to its own devices, human nature will seek the goodness of mankind and fraternity. Friendship in its purest form is not bound to the confines of religious differences, social status, or selfishness. Without religion or society imposing its ideals, human nature is free to pursue truth and seek the goodness in mankind while bonding in friendship. A selfless act is good but good is not an act done for recognition. To Nathan, part of friendship is giving of oneself without receiving. The Templar shows his selflessness when Nathan offers the Templar riches for rescuing his daughter from a fire, but the Templar declines any praise with anti-Semitic insults, â€Å"Permit what, Jew?† (211). The Templar’s refusal, although harsh, seemed to affirm the goodness Nathan saw in the young man, â€Å"A modest greatness would hide behind the monstrous, merely to escape admiration† (212). The lengths the Templar went to in order to save a life is a testament in itself of his goodness, far more powerful than his insults, "I find it strange that such an ugly spot [on Templar’s robe], soiled by the fire, bears better witness than a man’s own lips† (212). For Nathan, friends do not concern themselves with social status, religious beliefs, or titles; but rather, they can distinguish between the man and the facade. In Nathan’s words, "are Jew and Christian, Jew and Christian first and human beings second?" (214). In Act II, Scene IV, Nathan makes an attempt to thank the Templar for fleeing Temptation on behalf of his daughter. In which the Templar replies, â€Å"You know how the Templars ought to think.† Seemingly shocked, Nathan says, â€Å"Templars alone? and merely ought?. . .I know how good men think; I know as well that all lands bear good men† (213). Nathan is not concerned with the Templar’s position which is a mere robe but with the man behind the guise. A Templar is one of many, but a man is one alone both individual and unique. Human nature is not bound by the mind but is shown through the heart in friendship.

Early Puritan and Pilgrim Literature Essay

The Puritans and the Pilgrims both migrated to North America to escape religious persecution due to their views about the Church of England. They created very little literature because writing was viewed as satanic in both cultures. All that was written in Puritan New England were works to glorify God and record journeys for historical purposes. The most famous poets of this period include Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor. William Bradford, the governor of the Plymouth Colony, kept a journal of the events that took place on the journey over on the Mayflower and life within the colony. Jonathan Edwards, a minister during the Great Awakening wrote the sermon â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.† These authors illustrated the following religious beliefs in their works: natural depravity, irresistible grace, and unconditional election. Puritans believed that all men sinned and that all men were of an evil nature. Ministers instructed them to search their souls for sins and ask God for forgiveness. In the 1730’s and 1740’s the Puritan religion began to lose followers. Several ministers went to extreme measures to get their followers to adhere to the teaching in the Bible more sternly. â€Å"There are in the souls of wicked men those hellish principles reigning, that would presently kindle and flame out into hell fire, if it were not for God’s restraints.†(101). The prior excerpt demonstrates the natural depravity of men. Puritans were instructed to frequently search through their souls for instances of which they had done evil doings. The act of constant soul searching wore many puritans down and caused them to convert to a different faith while others were driven in to a psychotic state. Edwards also stated that â€Å"Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead and to tend downwa rds with great weight and pressure towards Hell;†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (103). The passage refers to the wickedness of men. Hearing every Sunday that you possess natural wickedness which drags you down towards hell is one of the reasons the Puritan faith became unpopular and eventually died out. In his sermon, he also stated â€Å"So that thus it is, that natural men are held in the hand of God over the pit of Hell; they have deserved the fiery pit, and are already sentenced to it;†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (103). Edwards and other preachers of the Great Awakening depict God as an angry and cruel man and end up losing many followers of the Puritan faith in the end as members of the faith viewed God as mean and inhumane and  they felt he was inaccessible to them. Another Puritan belief that was prominently displayed in their literature was unconditional election. Unconditional election states that God decides whether a man will go to heaven or hell before he or she is even born. The poet, Anne Bradstreet illustrates the theme in her poem â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House† â€Å"And, when I could no longer look,/ I blest His name that gave and took,/ That laid my goods no in the dust:/ Yea so it was, and so ’twas just./ It was his own: it was not mine;/ Far be it that I should repine.†(53). This example states that even though her house and earthly possessions are ruined she can take comfort in the fact that the Lord has a house waiting for her in heaven. In another one of her poems,† To My Dear and Loving Husband†, Anne represents the same theme â€Å"Thy love is such I can no way repay;/ The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray./ Then while we live, in love let’s so persever,/ That when we live no more we may live ever.† (51). Edward Taylor, another poet of the colonial era, writes poem in the mindset of being one of the unconditionally elect. He states in the poem â€Å"Huswifery† â€Å"Then cloath therewith mine Understanding, Will,/ Affections, Judgment, Conscience, Memory/ My Words, and Actions, that their shine may fill/ My wayes with glory and thee glorify./ Then mine apparel shall display before yee./ (70). Taylor proclaims he is asking God to clothe him in knowledge of the next life and that he believes he is of the unconditionally elect for asking for this understanding. Yet another reoccurring theme in the writings of the puritans was irresistible grace. Irresistible grace states men survive by the grace of God. William Bradford uses this theme many times in his account of the Pilgrims journey to the new world titled Of Plymouth Plantation. Bradford wrote, â€Å"But herewith they broke their mast in three pieces and their sail fell overboard in a bery grown sea, so as they had like to have been cast away. Yet by God’s mercy they recovered themselves, and having the flood with them struck into the harbor.†(34). He indicates that the Pilgrims were at the mercy of God and by his grace they found the harbor and survived. Bradford later refers to an instance when some Pilgrims were exploring the  area around a possible camp site. â€Å"Men, Indians! Indians!† And withal, their arrows came flying amongst them. Their men ran with all speed to recover their arms, as by the good providence of God they did.† (33). Here Bradford glorifies God for allowing the Pilgrims to get to their weapons before them all fell victims to the arrows of the Indians. Bradford greatens the name of God once more in the account of John Howland. â€Å"†¦as they thus lay in a mighty storm, a lusty young man called John Howland, coming upon some occasion above the gratings was, with a seele of the ship, was thrown into sea; but it pleased God he caught hold of the topsail halyards†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (28). Unlike the man who feel overboard and drowned, for taunting the sick and poor, John Howland had the graces of God extended to him and was rescued from the stormy waters. Throughout the Colonial Age Puritans and Pilgrims emphasized three major themes in their literature. They wrote of irresistible grace, the natural depravity existing in all of man kind, and predestination for those among the unconditionally elect. Three writers of the period, Bradstreet, Taylor, and Bradford, use their works to glorify God and announce themselves among the unconditionally elect. The fourth, Jonathan Edwards wrote a sermon in an attempt to scare followers in to the more strict puritans ways of past in an attempt to save the religion.

Escapism in the Sun Also Rises

The characters whose story Hemingway tells in The Sun Also Rises are referred to as â€Å"the lost generation. † These characters, all greatly affected by the tragedies of war, were disillusioned with their own country and attempted to find solace in Paris. In the hustle bustle and excitement of the city, they still seem to long for some sort of escape and this is where Hemingway brings in pastoral language and other forms of escapism. The novel begins with a long epigraph from Ecclesiastes (read).This epigraph is intended to show the reader that nature is a constant, while people are not. This basically means that our lives and hardships are seemingly insignificant and that no matter how bad an experience a person has one day, another day will always come. The sun will always rise and set, the wind will always blow, and the rivers will always flow into the ocean. This idea is essential in order to understand the importance of pastoral language. The Oxford English Dictionary d efines the word pastoral as poetry, music, pictures, etc: portraying rural life or characters, esp. n an idealized or romantic manner. (Read definition&next) While Paris was meant to be an escape from the wartime and the reminders of their lives in America before the war, it is still difficult for them to cope because the city is still very similar to their old lives and is full of corruption. (read) Hemingway creates pastoral interludes in which the men escape from the social, sexual, and monetary competition of the city to a more idyllic setting.For example, Bill and Jake go on a trip to the countryside and are able to enjoy the freedom from the busy schedules of city life as well as a new openness with one another when Bill expresses his deep feelings of friendship for Jake that would’ve been considered inappropriate to express by social standards. Jake desperately wants to escape from his problems, however he carries a constant reminder of what he went through because of his injury.Lady Ashley and his desire for what can never happen between them is another constant reminder of what he has gone through which never allows him to escape his war. So, while the pastoral setting was a good break for him, it doesn’t allow him to completely regain his masculinity. Instead, he uses a forced masculine attitude as a form of escapism. In comparison to the count, Jake is a small and seemingly weak man. The count dates Brett, buys her things such as dinner flowers and champagne. Brett treats Jake lovingly but it is almost in a tantalizing way because she knows nothing will happen etween them. In order to keep up his many image, Jake begins to spend money frivolously as the count does, even though he is by no means wealthy. (Read) Jake isn’t the only one that the pastoral setting doesn’t help when it comes to escaping the memories of the war. After the war, women had a new place in the world because during the war they had to work while the m en were away. Brett is unable to use the country as a place of solace because women were still supposed to be traditional and that type of confinement wouldn’t allow her to forget the things she saw as a nurse.Instead, she turns to a somewhat wild lifestyle consisting of alcohol and men as her own form of escapism. The characters seem to be constantly looking for a way to escape their problems rather than fixing them or simply accepting that there are some things that can’t be changed. They cling to ideas of what could have been, even up to the very last lines of the book. Through their constant efforts to escape, they never seem to grasp Hemingway’s idea that the world is bigger than one person’s suffering.

Teach Reading With Word Families

Teach Reading With Word Families An emphasis on sounding out words with isolated phonemes often leads students to dread reading and think of decoding as some sort of mystical power. Children naturally look for patterns in things, so to make reading easier, teach them to search for predictable patterns in words. When a student knows the word cat, he can pick out the pattern with mat, sat, fat, etc.   Teaching patterns through word families- rhyming words- facilitates fluency, giving students more self-confidence and a willingness to use prior knowledge to decode new words. When students can recognize the patterns in word families, they can quickly write/name members of the family and use those patterns to nail down more words. Using Word Families Flash cards, and thrill and drill work to a certain extent, but providing your students with a variety of activities keeps them engaged and increases the likelihood that they will generalize the skills they acquire. Rather than using worksheets that can turn students with disabilities off (demanding the use of fine motor skills), try art projects and games to introduce word families. Art Projects Artistic word sorts with seasonal themes capture kids imaginations and use their enthusiasm for a favorite holiday to introduce and reinforce word families. Paper Bags and Word Families:  Print a variety of related words, then ask your students to cut them apart and put them in bags labeled with the corresponding word families. Turn them into trick or treat bags with crayons or cutouts (or buy some at the dollar store) and use them as a centerpiece in your classroom before Halloween.  Or draw Santas sack for Christmas, and label them with a word family. Then instruct students to sort words written on presents cut from construction paper into the appropriate sacks.   Art Project Sorts:  Draw or print Easter baskets and label each with a word family. Ask students to write associated words on Easter egg cutouts, then glue them to the corresponding basket. Display the word family baskets on the wall. Christmas Presents:  Wrap tissue boxes in Christmas paper, leaving the opening at the top exposed. Draw or print Christmas tree ornaments shapes and write words on each one. Ask the students to cut and decorate the ornaments, then drop them into the proper gift box. Games Games engage students, encourage them to interact appropriately with their peers, and give them an entertaining platform on which to build skills.   Build Bingo cards with words from a word family, then call out the words until someone fills all of their squares. Occasionally insert a word that doesnt belong in that particular family and see if your students can identify it. You can include a free space on the Bingo cards, but dont allow students to use it for a word that doesnt belong to that family. Word ladders use the same idea. Following the pattern of Bingo, a caller reads the words and the players cover steps on their word ladders. The first student to cover all of the words on the ladder wins.

Racial Profiling on the African-American Community in the United State

Racial Profiling on the African-American Community in the United State Racial Profiling on the African-American Community in the United States Research Assignment Stephan Soliman Professor Hebert Johnson CUNY John Jay College 12/04/14 Did you ever think about how racial profiling has a huge effect on the African-American community and why? The meaning of racial profiling is the use of an individuals race or ethnicity by law enforcement personnel as a key factor in deciding whether to engage in enforcement (e.g. stop and search or arrest). The practice is controversial and is illegal in many jurisdictions. It should not be confused with offender profiling, which is an investigative tool. For example, in New York City the NYPD use Stop The officer implied that my friend was up to no good because it has been told in society that black men are up to no good. The term driving while black has been used to describe the practice of law enforcement officials to stop African-American drivers without probable cause (Weatherspoon, 2004). Currently, Education has been a system of miss-education. I believe that children are pushed out of high school due to the treatment that they receive from the school faculty and staff. Dr. Carter G. Woodson published a book called The Miss-Education of the Negro in his book it explains how miss-education was a turning point in educating another black Negro scholar. In most public schools history books it ever mentions the existence or great scholars presented to black children. Therefore, many African-Americans have no idea about themselves other than television and through pictures portray by the media and what the law enforcement lets society. Woodson stated, how dooming the Negro to a brain-washed acceptance of the inferior role assigned to him by the dominant race, and absorbed by him through his schooling (Woodson, 1933). The public schools are transforming into prison institution whereas the teachers are becoming the police officers. According to KAMR, a school in Texas called Canadian Independent School District came to conclusion to allow qualified teachers to carry guns in school. For example, Carasanie High School in Brooklyn, NewYork used to be a high-standard public school thirty years ago because of the white community, now since the African-Amercain dominated that coummunity the same public high school looks like a prison because of the surrounding of that community where that public school is in. Again I would argue how the school system is transforming into a prison industry. In todays society many public schools have been issued metal detectors, excessive cameras and clear book bags to verify that there Racial Profiling on the African-American Community in the United State Racial Profiling on the African-American Community in the United States Research Assignment Professor Hebert Johnson CUNY John Jay College 12/04/14 Did you ever think about how racial profiling has a huge effect on the African-American community and why? The meaning of racial profiling is the use of an individuals race or ethnicity by law enforcement personnel as a key factor in deciding whether to engage in enforcement (e.g. stop and search or arrest). The practice is controversial and is illegal in many jurisdictions. It should not be confused with offender profiling, which is an investigative tool. For example, in New York City the NYPD use Stop & Frisk policy this is a type of racial profiling. The NYPD in their Stop & Frisk policy they mainly target Latino and African American Males. There are many different types of racial profiling activities that law enforcement use to target these individuals. Since the beginning of slavery African Americans have suffered all throughout the history of the United States even in todays society. The main reason in advocating racial profiling in the background of criminal study can enlarge the possibility of arresting criminals. Paul Bou-Habib stated, If the rate at which members of a specific racial group commits a crime is higher than that of other criminals will be caught if the police concentrate their efforts on investigating members of the racial group in question? (2011, p.34). It is injustice, when law enforcements and the media have a racist attitude towards blacks which makes society label black people as dangerous individuals. For example, my friend and me were in McDonalds in the parking lot and he was exhausted of driving so he wanted to switch seats with me so I can drive. While leaving the parking lot, the officer had pulled us over because he seen a black guy get out of his car and thought something seemed suspicious. The officer implied that my friend was up to no good because it has been told in society that black men are up to no good. The term driving while black has been used to describe the practice of law enforcement officials to stop African-Am erican drivers without probable cause (Weatherspoon, 2004). Currently, Education has been a system of miss-education. I believe that children are pushed out of high school due to the treatment that they receive from the school faculty and staff. Dr. Carter G. Woodson published a book called The Miss-Education of the Negro in his book it explains how miss-education was a turning point in educating another black Negro scholar. In most public schools history books it ever mentions the existence or great scholars presented to black children. Therefore, many African-Americans have no idea about themselves other than television and through pictures portray by the media and what the law enforcement lets society. Woodson stated, how dooming the Negro to a brain-washed acceptance of the inferior role assigned to him by the dominant race, and absorbed by him through his schooling (Woodson, 1933). The public schools are transforming into prison institution whereas the teachers are becoming the police officers. According to KAMR, a school in Texas called Canadian Independent School District came to conclusion to allow qualified teachers to carry guns in school. For example, Carasanie High School in Brooklyn, NewYork used to be a high-standard public school thirty years ago because of the white community, now since the African-Amercain dominated that coummunity the same public high school looks like a prison because of the surrounding of that community where that public school is in. Again I would argue how the school system is transforming into a prison industry. In todays society many public schools have been issued metal detectors, excessive cameras and clear book bags to verify that there is no weapons nor drugs inside them. According to Peter Gray, John Jay High and Anson Jones Middle School in San Antonio issued ID badges for all students to wear. The media reported that the badges contain radio frequency chips, which allow school officials to monitor the kids movements anywhere in the school building or on school grounds (Gra y, 2012). Also in 2010, the Lower Merion School District in Pennsylvania started viewing students at their house and in Racial Profiling on the African-American Community in the United State Racial Profiling on the African-American Community in the United States Research Assignment Professor Hebert Johnson CUNY John Jay College 12/04/14 Did you ever think about how racial profiling has a huge effect on the African-American community and why? The meaning of racial profiling is the use of an individuals race or ethnicity by law enforcement personnel as a key factor in deciding whether to engage in enforcement (e.g. stop and search or arrest). The practice is controversial and is illegal in many jurisdictions. It should not be confused with offender profiling, which is an investigative tool. For example, in New York City the NYPD use Stop The officer implied that my friend was up to no good because it has been told in society that black men are up to no good. The term driving while black has been used to describe the practice of law enforcement officials to stop African-American drivers without probable cause (Weatherspoon, 2004). Currently, Education has been a system of miss-education. I believe that children are pushed out of high school due to the treatment that they receive from the school faculty and staff. Dr. Carter G. Woodson published a book called The Miss-Education of the Negro in his book it explains how miss-education was a turning point in educating another black Negro scholar. In most public schools history books it ever mentions the existence or great scholars presented to black children. Therefore, many African-Americans have no idea about themselves other than television and through pictures portray by the media and what the law enforcement lets society. Woodson stated, how dooming the Negro to a brain-washed acceptance of the inferior role assigned to him by the dominant race, and absorbed by him through his schooling (Woodson, 1933). The public schools are transforming into prison institution whereas the teachers are becoming the police officers. According to KAMR, a school in Texas called Canadian Independent School District came to conclusion to allow qualified teachers to carry guns in school. For example, Carasanie High School in Brooklyn, NewYork used to be a high-standard public school thirty years ago because of the white community, now since the African-Amercain dominated that coummunity the same public high school looks like a prison because of the surrounding of that community where that public school is in. Again I would argue how the school system is transforming into a prison industry. In todays society many public schools have been issued metal detectors, excessive cameras and clear book bags to verify that there is

Objects Commonly Left Inside the Body After Surgery

Objects Commonly Left Inside the Body After Surgery When undergoing surgery, most patients dont consider that they could leave the hospital with foreign objects in their bodies. Research studies indicate that thousands of incidents (4,500 to 6,000) of this type happen each year in the United States alone. Retained surgical instruments after surgery can cause a number of serious health issues and may even lead to death. Leaving foreign objects in a patients body is a mistake that could be avoided with the implementation of extra safety precautions. 15 Objects Commonly Left Inside the Body After Surgery Depending on the type of surgery, surgeons are estimated to use over 250 types of surgical instruments and tools during a single procedure. These objects are difficult to keep track of during surgery and are sometimes left behind. The types of surgical objects commonly left inside a patient after surgery include: spongesscalpelsscissorstowelsdrain tipsneedlesguide wiresclampstweezersforcepsscopessurgical masksmeasuring devicessurgical glovestubes The most common objects left inside a patient are needles and sponges. Sponges, in particular, are difficult to keep track of as they are used to soak up blood during surgery and tend to blend in with the patients organs and tissues. These incidences happen most often during abdominal surgery. The most common areas in which surgical objects are left inside a patient are the abdomen, vagina, and the chest cavity. Why Objects Get Left Behind Surgical objects are unintentionally left inside a patient for a number of reasons. Hospitals typically rely on nurses or technicians to keep track of the number of sponges and other surgical tools used during surgery. Human error comes into play as incorrect counts can be made due to fatigue or chaos as a result of a surgical emergency. Several factors can increase the risk that an object may be left behind after surgery. These factors include unexpected changes that occur during surgery, the patients body mass index is high, multiple procedures are needed, procedures involving more than one surgical team, and procedures involving greater blood loss. Consequences of Leaving Objects Behind The consequences of having surgical tools left inside a patients body vary from harmless to fatal. Patients may go for months or years not realizing that they have foreign surgical objects within their bodies. Sponges and other surgical implements can lead to infection, severe pain, digestive system problems, fever, swelling, internal bleeding, damage to internal organs, obstructions, loss of part of an internal organ, prolonged hospital stays, additional surgery to remove the object or even death. Cases of Objects Left Inside Patients Examples of surgical objects being left inside patients include: A patient in a Wisconsin hospital was undergoing cancer surgery and a 13-inch surgical retractor was left inside his abdomen.A six-inch metal surgical clamp was left in a mans abdomen (behind his liver) following intestinal surgery in California. Even more astonishing is that this was the second time that a clamp was left inside this same patient after surgery.Surgical scissors were left inside a woman who had undergone uterine cancer surgery.A surgical glove was left inside a woman who had undergone a hysterectomy.A two-inch scalpel was left inside the abdomen of a man who was having heart bypass surgery. Prevention Methods Large surgical instruments are not commonly left inside patients. Retained surgical sponges make up the vast majority of objects left behind after surgery. Some hospitals are using sponge-tracking technology to ensure that these items are detected and not left inside a patient. The sponges are bar-coded and scanned when they are used to reduce the risk of an inaccurate count. They are scanned again after surgery to ensure that there are no discrepancies. Another type of sponge-tracking technology involves radio-frequency tagged sponges and towels. These items can be detected by an x-ray while the patient is still in the operating room. Hospitals that use these types of surgical object tracking methods have reported a drastic reduction in the rate of reported retained surgical objects. Adopting sponge-tracking technology has also proven to be more cost-effective for hospitals than having to perform additional surgeries on patients to remove retained surgical objects. Sources Eisler, Peter. â€Å"What Surgeons Leave behind Costs Some Patients Dearly.† USA Today. Gannett, 08 Mar. 2013. Web. 6 July 2016. usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/08/surgery-sponges-lost-supplies-patients-fatal-risk/1969603/.Williams, T. Tung, D. et al. Retained Surgical Sponges: Findings from Incident Reports and a Cost-Benefit Analysis of Radiofrequency Technology. J Am Coll Surg. 2014 Sep;219(3):354-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.03.052. Epub 2014 May 10.

The relationship between Religion and Ethics in todays World Essay

The relationship between Religion and Ethics in todays World - Essay Example But we see everyday ethical notions being deliberated upon and changed to suit particular circumstances and individual and mass preferences. Religious precepts are based on the revelations of the original prophets. The precepts were later formalized into written texts of all the religions. Whereas on one hand religious precepts lay the roadmap to salvation, on the other, they also help a human to judge between right and wrong. But slowly decadence set in the free thinking ideals of every religion and the religious precepts got permanence as dogmas. The modern ethics are based upon the theories of ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. The ethical notions witnessed resurgence in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The ideas of liberty, freedom and equality took route in European society later got spread out all over the world. What began as an intellectual movement pioneered by such free thinkers as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Hobbes acquired political dimensions in the French Revolution and the American War of Independence. Individual liberty is both the cause and effect of free thinking. Free thinking also promotes the cause of ethical judgment. The sphere of Ethics now spreads beyond individualized thinking to help mankind to frame rules for societies, cultures, and countries. What may be ethical in one country, a geo-political region, or a continent may not be so in another. In other words, ethics hold a huge scope for variance, and argument, whereas religion is guided by dogmas that are most part rigid, unalterable and beyond question. Religious dogmas, too, may have had very logical origin but with passage of time they come to be accepted as divine ordainments and have to be accepted by the people without question. The clash of religion and ethics today gets reflected in different forms. The debate over ethics and

Project as an Intern at a Design Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project as an Intern at a Design Film - Essay Example This all depended on appropriate time scale, enough budget allocation and good client communication, since the work of a designer is turning a concept into reality. In the long run the design processes included experimental, routine and fashion designs. Another key is the assembly of the client team which gave an outline of factors to be considered when hiring personnel in the business, which resulted in overcoming the cultural and operational differences experienced. The last key is the briefing process, which defined the project objectives, specific business opportunities to be realized and the scope for creating opportunities for the firm. Shortlisting of qualified design consultants was paramount as their main function in the business was to provide professional design solutions so that the client needs are met. Appointed design consultants were to specifically give shape to responses made by the clients. They provided polished design criteria for projects which comprised of gene ral overview of the project, intellectual, functional, technical and accommodation design criteria’s. ... Introduction to Finance Every business is formed on a strong financial base for it to properly carry out its operations of making profits. Most of the spheres affected by the financial principles of the design firm were contract management, administration of contracts, resourcing, budget and cost planning. The module, introduction to finance introduced the basic corporate and personal finance concepts, the time value for money, financial markets, shares and bonds, financial risk and return, ways of raising money and elements of investment. In addition the major components of finance included institutions and markets under which there were banks and other financial institutions, and the Federal Reserve System fell (Melicher and Norton 115). Finally, financial management comprised of business organization, financial analysis and long term financial planning, managing working capital and capital budgeting analysis. These principles served as the foundation of finance relating to the des ign business during my internship. Through financial analysis: the differences between manager and stakeholders are identified, time value of money, and higher returns were realized by taking more risks as the diversification of interests reduced risks. The design business had a financial system where the financial capital flowed with the aid of markets, intermediaries and regulation from savings to investments in the economy (Melicher and Norton 328). Melicher and Norton (251) argue that money markets are where the debt securities maturing within one year or less are traded while the capital markets are debt securities that mature longer than one year are traded. The major types of financial

The Fugitive Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fugitive - Movie Review Example As a suspect, police arrests Kimble and accuses him of having committed the murder of his own wife. Without having a sound reason for suspecting or arresting Kimble, the police convict him and the court sentences Kimble to death. The police carries him to the prison where he would wait till he is executed. In the bus in which Kimble is taken to the prison, there happen to be three prisoners in addition to Kimble. They mutually prepare a plan of escaping from the bus. This causes the bus driver to lose control of the bus and the bus slips off the embankment and gets crashed on the way to the jail. This provides Kimble with a chance to escape. Kimble manages to break free of the hold of police and runs away. Deputy Samuel Gerard who is also in Chicago assumes the responsibility of finding and arresting Kimble ninety minutes after Kimble’s escape. During this time, instead of relying on the capability of police, Kimble commences an investigation on his own and tries to find out t he murderer of Helen. In this course, Kimble is also keen to involve Deputy Samuel Gerard and other members in his team. The police do not accede to his proposal and the Deputy constantly follows Kimble. This leaves Kimble with no choice but to keep away from all of his relatives and fellows. Kimble leaves no stone unturned in his efforts of catching the murderer. Meanwhile, the Deputy also starts to believe that the case is indeed more complicated and vague than he had originally anticipated. His ingenuity and uninterrupted determination gain fruition and Kimble reaches the conclusion that there is no one in this world that he can trust. The murderer ultimately discovered turns out to be a one-armed man. The concept has been derived from a television series that was telecast in 1960s. In that series, the title role was played by late David Jansen. However, the story has been too modified to leave any touch of the original source of idea. In that series, the adventure was narrated w eek after week of Jansen’s escape, and there was much more to attract the audience than simply the murderer’s chase unlike this two hour film, in which chasing the real criminal is the focus of the plot. The Fugitive is an exceptional movie based on murder investigation. Among all scenes in the movie, the ones that were shot before the commencement of the chase are the most dramatic and purposefully included. Everything that is related to the assassination is clearly conveyed to the audience in a prologue of no more than fifteen minutes. The scenes are quite well-edited. The doctor has to cope with two miseries simultaneously. He is convicted for the murder of his beloved wife. In such tough circumstances, he makes rational decisions which lead him to success in the long run. The opening scenes are followed by a non-stop thrill made by the Deputy and his men for about thirty minutes. These scenes are full of energy and the audience keeps on the seats’ edges. The speed of action considerably fades away in the second hour of the movie as Kimble starts finding the one armed man. However, giving this portion of the story more time does make sense as most of the problems of the movie are engrossed in this part. The performance of Harrison Ford in this movie is much more emotional than it was in Patriot Games. The performance that is indeed, most worthy of discussion and appreciation is that of Tommy Lee Jones. He had been struggling for a couple of years until 1993, when his superb performance in this movie became a potential

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FNES, family, love, dating - Essay Example In these relationships, one is either the victim or a parasite, what is interesting is that these roles change periodically in the occurrence of an emotionally charged situation, for instance, a bitter argument. This is always accompanied by loud and angry outbursts from the repressed individual. The levels of aggression after an outburst can vary from either party, one of them can get sicker than the other partner. They can both trade insults, and such types of abuse can occur in different ways, abuse can either be indiscernible or blatant. It might also be subconscious or unintentional, whatever the method, the damage can be grave to the recipient. These types of abuse can be difficult to explain, and this makes it hard for friends and family to intervene and offer help. Gaining comfort, supporting one another and keeping each other happy are the basics of a relationship whether healthy or unhealthy. The main difference between the two types of relationships is that the couple in a healthy relationship work equally. A healthy relationship consists of checks and balances, individuality, equality and compromise. In an abusive relationship, one partner takes the advantage of these goals and uses them against their counterpart to manipulate them into doing whatever they wish. Unhealthy relationships have no compromise, no individuality and have forced inequality. Abusers often use excuses that do not come across as demanding making it hard for the partner to know what they want. This is one tactic of taking advantage of s omeone and in such a relationship; one partner may try to please the other to make their relationship stable. With a majority of abusive relationships being identified among the young people, they develop into young adults, who are more likely to continue the violence in their relationships. The important thing about understanding the types of relationships is that each and every one of us is bound to enter into a

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Portfolio Process Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Variable Overhead Variance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Variable Overhead Variance - Essay Example As earlier explained, the possible causes for these adverse variable manufacturing overhead variance is over utilization of the machine hours than what was budgeted that it negates even the favorable effects of lower expenditure for such manufacture. In order to reduce the cost of expenditure for the manufacturing purposes, some direct materials are sourced from local sources which may not be of standard quality thereby increasing the time spent on machine hours to match the required sandal design specifications. Hence, the management needs to check in for quality of the raw material purchased rather than only going by price considerations so that the overall cost of manufacturing overhead reduced and even the quality of the finished product would be even better than what is marketed now. It is observed that the raw material purchases are below the budgeted standards thereby raising doubts on the quality of the raw material procured and as such, work on them becomes tedious and more time consuming in terms of machine hours. Care should be taken while selecting the right type of raw material so that in the coming months, there is no occurrence of

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Thomas Eakins & Miss Amelia Van Buren Essay Example for Free

Thomas Eakins Miss Amelia Van Buren Essay The current project will analyze the oil canvas titled ‘Miss Amelia Van Buren’ that was created by a well-known USA painter and portraitist Thomas Eakins in 1891. The portrait is part of a series titled â€Å"Women in Pink† and belongs to the masterpieces of American Realism. The aim of the paper is to discuss the style and subject matter of this artwork as an integral part of the artist’s creative ancestry and within a broad historical framework. Eakins’s production was often rejected by contemporaries. This fact proves that any piece of artistry expresses different meanings for patrons and art audiences as well as for the artist himself. These competing implication will be assessed throughout the paper. Thomas Eakins: Brief Biography The reputation of Thomas Eakins (1844–1916) as an outstanding representative of the American school of realism in painting, photography, sculpture, and fine arts education was established only a few decades upon his death. Eakins was born in Philadelphia, where, watching his father, a writing master and calligraphy teacher, at duty, by twelve he has acquired profound skills in drawing, perspective planning, employing a grid to produce an accurate design. Thomas was graduated from Central High School, the first-class public school for applied science and arts, and entered the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1861 to refine the knowledge of drawing and anatomy. The latter realm interested Eakins to such an extent that in 1864-1865 he started diligently attending courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College. In 1866, the young man joined the studio of Jean-Leon Gerome, a prominent Orieintalist painter, at the Paris School of Arts. The American student also frequented into the atelier of Leon Bonnat who put forward anatomical preciseness as a cornerstone of Realism. Upon the four-year period of studying abroad, Eakins returned back to the native city. His first portrayals of rowers (e. g. , ‘Single Scull’ or ‘The Champion Single Sculling,’ 1871; a series of eleven oils and watercolors altogether) stirred attention within Philadelphians due to their innovative treatment of a dynamically moving human body portrayed outdoors. In parallel with inquiring into the sports themes, the young artist created a range of domestic Victorian interiors (e. g. , ‘Home Scene,’ 1871; ‘Elizabeth at the Piano,’ 1875; ‘The Chess Players,’ 1876; ‘Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog. ’ 1874). The first large scale portrait ‘Kathrin’ was made in 1872. In 1876, Eakins commenced his teaching career at the Pennsylvania Academy – first as a volunteer teacher, then as a salaried professor (since 1878), and finally as director (1882-1886). Upon the scandalous resignation consequently to original methods of teaching, Eakins lectured at many art schools, including the Art Students League of Philadelphia, the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students Guild in Washington, D. C. , until the withdrawal from teaching in 1898. Eakins was not only a talented painter, but also a gifted photographer. His acquaintance with camerawork took place during his European studies and continued thereupon, when the artist learnt about the photographic motion research of Eadweard Muybridge and started his own experiments in the field. Many well-known canvases of Eakins were created relying on photographs to better understand the dynamics of body movements and increase the awareness of perspective (e. g. , ‘Mending the Net,’ 1881; ‘Arcadia. ’ 1883). In 1883, the artist started shooting the so-called ‘Naked Series,’ nude photographic depictions of students and professional models that revealed human anatomy from certain angles. About eight hundred photographs are thought to belong to Eakins and his followers. The fame of Eakins as a prominent representative of American Realism heavily relies on his portraits. Several hundred canvases depicted representatives of the local Philadelphian Bohemia, scientists, and medical workers (e. g. , ‘The Gross Clinic,’ 1875; ‘The Portrait of Dr. John Brinton,’ 1876; ‘The Agnew Clinic,’ 1889; ‘The Deans Roll Call,’ 1899; ‘The Concert Singer,’ 1890-92; ‘The Portrait of Maud Cook,’ 1895; ‘Antiquated Music,’ 1900; ‘The Portrait of Professor Leslie W. Miller,’ 1901) in their professional environment. On the reason of intense anatomic realism and the artist’s notoriety upon dismissal from the Pennsylvania Academy, Eakins’ portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their relatives. Therefore, the artists invited his relatives and friends (e. g. , ‘The Portrait of Walt Whitman,’ 1887-1888) to act as models. In the 1880s and 1990s, the artist created his finest examples of figure studies (e. g. , ‘The Swimming Hole,’ 1884-5; ‘Between Rounds,’ 1899; ‘Salutat,’ 1898). The portraits created by Eakins in the early 20th century captured the local Catholic clergymen (e. g. , ‘The Portrait of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli,’ 1902; ‘The Portrait of Archbishop William Henry Elder,’ 1903; ‘The Portrait of Monsignor James P. Turner,’ ca. 1906). In the late period of life Eakins started enjoying recognition. In 1902, he was granted the title of a National Academician. Two years before death, in 1914, the artist sold a portrait study of D. Hayes Agnew for The Agnew Clinic to Dr. Albert C. Barnes for four thousand dollars. In 1917-18, Eakins’ works were exhibited at the memorial retrospectives at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Pennsylvania Academy. Upon the death of Susan Macdowell Eakins, the artist’s wife, the major part of Eakins’ creative ancestry was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is stored at the Hirshhorn Museums collection. Eakins house in North Philadelphia was included to the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966. In 2006, a group of sponsors paid $68,000,000 to keep ‘The Gross Clinic’ in Philadelphia, while previously it was planned to sell the canvas to the museums located in other cities, ‘Miss Amelia Van Buren’ (1891) Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1856-1942) was Eakins’s student and the friend of his family. This gifted painter and photographer participated in an episode that indirectly initiated resignation of the master from the post of director at the Pennsylvania Academy. One day, a young female asked the teacher to explain the anatomical function of the pelvis. At his lessons, Eakins exercised bold methods and stirred the differences between male and female students by exposing nude models of both sexes in the class where both men and women were present. Putting anatomy of a human body to the foreground, professor encouraged his followers not to afraid the Victorian model and bravely approach the secrets of physiology. Therefore, Eakins invited Van Buren to his studio and provided the requested instruction. The painter described the episode as follows: â€Å"There stripping myself, I gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only. † Later on, Eakins’s behavior made the evil-wishers accuse him of sexual harassment and inappropriate methods of teaching. The painter responded with dignity, yet showing no signs of regret or shame: â€Å"There was not the slightest embarrassment or cause for embarrassment on her part or mine. I think indeed [Van Buren] might have been embarrassed, if I had picked up a man on the street and endeavored to persuade him to undress before the lady for a quarter. † Eakins often used his students as models for his works and saw nothing undignified in exchanging professional secrets with the members of his circle regardless of their sex. Van Buren was also publicly accused of posing nude in front in the painter. That fact aroused many rumors and negatively affected the womans reputation that could seriously spoil her social activity in those prudent times. Werbel has stressed that Amelia Van Buren altogether with Elizabeth Macdowell, Eakins’ future wife Susan, Cecilia Beaux, Alice Barber Stephens, and other female students of the Pennsylvania Academy belonged to the circle of the so-called â€Å"New Women. † They shared Eakins’ opinion concerning equal rights of men and women for education and social activity. Those females were talented artists and actively participated in the cultural life of Philadelphia. Feeling at ease with their own principles and encouraged by the master, to whom they deeply trusted, those New Women were not afraid of public hypocritical scorn. To return back to the oil canvas, it provides us with attentive, unflattering, and surgically sharp vision of a young woman, sitting near the window. Her figure is softly glowing in the daylight, while the background remains deem and dark. Salcman made an almost poetic description of the portrait’s details. A woman in her twenties sits in the armchair, as if she has suffered through a hard day and now is having an unexpected break. The model is so absorbed into her thoughts that even the atmosphere around her is pregnant with some intensive, yet joyless mental activity. The gaze of a spectator is initially attracted to Miss Van Buren’s Victorian pink dress with a standard for that time fluffy crinoline. The pink color of the upper gown that reminds of slightly dewed rose petals harmonizes with the soft, milky tint of the crinoline apron. Multiple folds on the skirt that underline the pensive, slightly tired pose of the woman, mask the body. Eyes that are literally lost in this whirl of light cloth approach the face of the model only upon spending some time on looking at minor details. The latter are the half-opened fan, lying on a thigh of the figure, and a narrow and elegant hand that is shadowed by the arm of the armchair. The rosy pale face of Miss Van Buren sharply contrasts with her gray hair that makes her look, as if she is in the late thirties or even forties. Salcman has noted that the artist is far from flattering his muse. The head of the woman rests on the left loosely fisted hand with its left temple and turned towards the light, away from spectators. The pose signifying uneasy feelings arouses hot arguments among the researchers. Salcman observed â€Å"regret,† â€Å"disappointment,† and â€Å"a loss of possibilities† in the expression of Amelia’s face as shown in the tight lips and lowered eyes that are thoughtfully gazing into the window. Kirkpatrick has noted that the model looks â€Å"unhappily lost in thought, trapped and vulnerable as a caged bird. † It is evident that each art critic tried to impose his or her own understanding of human facial mimics or the inner world of the artist. On the point, a very important observation was delivered by Henry Adams who analyzed the works of Eakins in parallel with peripetias of the artist’s life. The researcher stressed that the master â€Å"was not simply recording faces, but also exploring something about his own mental condition. † In 1891, when the portrait of Miss Van Buren was made, Eakins could not still re-discover the inner equilibrium upon the scandalous resignation from the Pennsylvania Academy. Teaching was one of the favorite activities for the master, where he could freely communicate with young like-minded people and test his innovative ideas in painting and photography. At that period, Eakins lectured at the Art Students League of Philadelphia, but the institution was about to dissolve, which happened the following year upon execution of the portrait. The painter’s canvases were constantly rejected by critics and exhibitioners, so it was rather the 47-year-old master than his model had reasons to look gloomy and caged. It really seems that both spectators and critics tend to apply their own emotions onto the canvas, while forgetting about the broader context for the artwork. Amelia Van Buren left no memoirs about the implications for her suspected depression at that period. She truly admired Eakins both as a professional and a teacher, being not afraid of exposing her soul in front of the artist’s intent eyes. Van Buren was a rare exception so far as many people, whom the painter asked to sit for their portraits, declined the invitation. As one of Eakins’ contemporaries explained, â€Å"He would bring out all those traits of my character I have been trying to conceal from the public for years. † It speaks on the fact that the master intended to excavate, so to say, the inner deposits of ideas and emotions that common members of the Victorian society were scared to reveal. The fear of self-exposure was not the case of Miss Van Buren. She agreed to sell the portrait only in 1927. Her letter to an exhibitioner who proposed to purchase the masterpiece of American Realist school contains the following lines: I accept your offer and while I shall miss the picture I shall like to think of it in your gallery where I hope to see it sometime soon. Mr. Eakins’ friends have always been sure that his work would be appreciated in time. The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren is now stored in the Phillips Collection, Washington, D. C. , and arouses a combination of stress under the burden of intense emotions depicted and admiration at the mastery of Eakins in showing the secret depths of human souls. Women in Pink Relying on Eakins’ memoirs, Adams has stressed that the theme of females clad in the pink gamut has been explored by the painter for almost two decades. Some well-known canvases from this series include Miss Amelia Van Buren (1891), The Concert Singer (1890-92, Philadelphia Museum of Art), ‘The Portrait of Maud Cook (1895, Yale University Art Gallery. ), and The Actress (1903, Philadelphia Museum of Art). These artworks should be examined both separately and within a group to understand the state of the artist and the dynamics of his creative potential. The 1890s was an extremely hard period for Eakins who was vulnerable to the complications of life and public reactions as every great man of arts. As it has been mentioned earlier, his teaching career collapsed, partly on the cause of his own provocative behavior and remarks. Upon the initial period of recognition among the critics and gallery owners shortly upon coming back from Europe, the master experienced challenges in regards to both selling his works to make for living and to establishing stable relationships with relatives and the broader public. Adams treats the series of female portraits that were executed in the late 1880s and throughout the 1890s as manifestation of depressive feelings and unsettled creative quests. The portrait of Van Buren demonstrates a perfect harmony between the complex inner state of the painter and the concealed disharmony of the model who suffered from emotional illness. The slumped pose of the model, the eyes diverted from spectators, the sharp contrast between the warm pink-milky gamut of the figure in the foreground and the rich, brown and mahogany color of the background – all these feature the mood of tension that abruptly mutilates into the deep exhaustion. The depiction of a â€Å"small woman with a large brooding spirit† is the first step on the ladder of self-discovery for the painter, and the next is The Concert Singer. The model for the portrait – a famous opera performer Weda Cook – started sitting or better say standing for Eakins in 1890. Cook debuted at the Pennsylvanian Academy of Music when she was only sixteen years old, and since then often pleased the demanding Philadelphian public. The painter depicted his model as dressed in a radiant pink dress, singing on the stage. It should be stressed here that Eakins was particularly accurate in depicting the specifics of his model’s profession or emotional state. He asked Weda Cook to sing â€Å"O Rest in the Lord† from Mendelssohn’s Elijah to convey intensity of her artistic manner and carved the opening notes of the musical piece on the frame. Another interesting detail is that for the sake of better rendering of body, Eakins asked the model to undress to her underwear. Cook strongly opposed the idea but finally gave up and agreed. There is a similarity between the two portraits of Van Buren and Cook in regards to the pyramidal composition, but the general gamut and mood of the canvases contrast each other. While the choice of colors for Van Burens depiction aims to reveal the models delicacy, fragility, even exhaustion, the gamut for Cooks portrayal manifests a greater extent of energy and self-assuredness. Such effect takes place due to the background: in case of Van Buren it is intense and dim (in a manner similar to Diego Velazquez and Jusepe de Ribera, Eakins’ favorite Spanish painters), and in case of Cook the olive smoky backstage is rather light, and the whole pose of the full-length figure of the model altogether with decorations of the scene remind of some European masters such as Edgar Degas and James Whistler. To continue about composition, the body of Van Buren is framed by the chair, as if the only thing that provides her with some kind of support is the furnitures arm. Her slumped pose and bended head create the atmosphere of misbalance and awkwardness. On the opposite, the erect pose of the singer and her hands that are elegantly and somewhat affectively placed in front of the waist remind of a bird that is ready to fly upwards. However, this is not a triumphant gesture but a movement of â€Å"flight and loss. † The opera performer is placed in the center of the composition. It seems that minor details – such as the conductors hand in the lower left corner of the canvas, the bunch of roses on the floor in the lower right corner, and the palms branch in the upper left section of the picture – do not constrain the freedom of the heroine. However, similarly to Van Buren, Cook diverts her eyes from spectators and looks upfront and above peoples heads. The very pose underlines the model’s concealed isolation and loneliness. Her eyes are surrounded with red rims and shades so that there is an effect of hastily wiped tears or insomnia. There is a difference also between the tints of models’ gowns: the one of Van Buren looks like slightly frosted, the effect is unlined by the pearl color of her grayish hair; the dress of Cook is radiant and festive, decorated with olive inserts and a long trail. One might also note that the flesh is almost totally absent on the portrait of Van Buren, whereas Cook demonstrates bare neck, shoulders, and hands. The contrast in regards to body exposure between the two females emphasize their attitude to public attention: while the first model attempts to conceal her internal state from spectators, the latter derives her energy from the outer world. Eakins does not want to portray women as more beautiful that they are. Van Buren looks older than other women of her age, and the features of her face are not harmonious. Cook cannot either be called young and pretty. Her hands are plump and reddish, her open mouth and a wrinkle on the neck makes one think that she is doing a hard job instead of executing a beautiful song. Werbel has commented on the specifics of Eakins’ treatment of women’s beauty. The artist conceptualized it as â€Å"faithful, undistorted attention to the individual anatomy and attributes of each person. Due to his original technique the painter was often thought of as â€Å"a rebel† as he transferred onto the canvas all defects of the sitters’ physical appearance. Both Van Burens and Weda Cooks faces are sculpturally expressive and anatomically true. Some of Eakins’ followers and many representatives of that time society got scared of such preciseness and sharpness. The physically attentive dissection of women’s features that are perceived by Eakins as a combination of bones, muscles, and soft tissues became less intense by the mid-1980s. The thesis can be illustrated by the portrait of Maud Cook (1895) that concludes the first half of the series depicting women in pink. We see the tenderly dimmed face and upper part of torso belonging to a young, dark-haired woman with large eyes that are glowing from inside. Her delicate long neck streaming down softly to get lost in the gaze material of her light pink dress. In his usual manner, Eakins shows the model gazing away from the artist and the public. Her concentration on her emotions speaks of melancholy rather than of depression. In comparison to the portraits of Van Buren and Weda Cook, this particular image is less intense in feelings and is remarkable for restoration from frustration. According to Adams, the portrait of Maud Cook signifies the improvement in the artist’s fight with his demons. His works of the mid-1890s manifest recovery from the previous depression and self-disagreement. However, the stability was ruined by the suicide of Eakins’ niece Ella Crowell, after which grievous facts the painter’s sister and her husband broke relationships with Thomas. The master returns to the theme of female portraits only within a decade. The canvas titled ‘The Actress’ (1903) that depicts Suzanne Santje looks completely different from the earlier examples of the same series. In the foreground we see a woman in her thirties. The model sits in the pose that is usual for Eakins’ female portraits – the head is diverted towards the source of light and away from observers. The narrow face with high cheekbones looks slightly emaciated. Even a tender radiance that evaporates like a gaze from the middle facial part cannot conceal the paleness of the skin. Thick dark hair are in the artistic disorder as well as the festive bright pink gown. Suzanne Santje is portrayed full-length, and her body reminds in its graciousness of a mermaid who has just appeared from waters to brood over her tragic destiny. The model’s hands rest on the chair’s arms, demonstrating fatigue and grieve. It seems that the actress has just left the stage where she demonstrated luxurious and self-conscious hedonism, but here, in the artist’s studio she can be herself – tired, ageing, concentrated on the shallowness of life. The series under the collective title â€Å"Women in Pink† reveals Eakins’ progression between various artistic styles under the impact of his inner state. The earlier â€Å"clinical approach to the body† as evident in previously made portraits of Van Buren and Weda Cook gives place to the more merciful treatment of the sitter’s appearance as in the portrait of Maud Cook and finally resolves into the sympathetic, yet intense observation of the model soul as in ‘The Actress. ’ Regardless of Eakins’ experiments with composition and gamut, representations of a series from different periods demonstrate the same â€Å"blood and bone authenticity,† for which the painter was severely criticized throughout life and for which he is praised nowadays. These female portraits provide an attentive, brilliant account of women living in the Victorian or Early Modernism age and were constrained in their emotions and behavior by rigid standards of the broader, pro-masculine society. As Ratcliff has observed, the painter gave a chance to his female sitters, sitting in dim and small rooms, to look through the window into the sunlit world of freedom, self-discovery, and harmony. Clark argues that women’s portraits are part of â€Å"a poignant and pointed critique of woman’s place in the ‘heroic’ modern world. † Despite the merciless accurateness and realism of the painter in revealing physical drawbacks of the models, they look really feminine and attractive. What adds real gorgeousness to the images of both females is their passionate absorption by their rich inner world and the courageous flexibility, with which they face the unwelcoming, prison-like environment. The series demonstrates also the continuous struggle of Eakins himself to freely express his creative potential and to overcome all challenges imposed by the society and the family. Thomas Eakins: Blood and Bone Authenticity Art critic Lloyd Goodrich referred to the artistic manner of Thomas Eakins as follows: Seldom has there been so consistent a realist as Eakins – one whose art was such a direct outgrowth of reality†¦ Every figure be painted was a portrait, every scene or object a real one†¦ the actual rather than the ideal. Each Eakins’ model is not isolated in its anatomical validity but becomes a mirror for the surrounding contexts so that the inner and outer realities are colliding, mixing up, confrontating and intermingling between each other just in front of observers’ eyes. Due to Eakins’ mastery people turn into iconographic symbols that express both their own value and convey the atmosphere of the social period. The specifics of Eakins’s style tackles the portrait genre as treated flexibly both in the interiors and outdoors – in the offices, streets, parks, water basins, arenas, and hospitals of his hometown, Philadelphia. As a painter and photographer, Eakins admired the beautiful human bodies – either completely nude or lightly dressed so that to reveal motion – demonstrating energy altogether with harmony between the inner and outer sides of person’s nature. Bibliography Adams, Henry, and Thomas Eakins. Eakins revealed: The secret life of an American artist. New York City: Oxford University Press, 2005. Boyer, Paul S. â€Å"Eakins, Thomas. † The Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford University Press. 2001. Encyclopedia. com. (April 21, 2009). http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1O119-EakinsThomas. html. Clark, William J. â€Å"The Iconography of Gender in Thomas Eakins Portraiture. † American Studies 32, no. 2 (1991): 5-28. Craven, Wayne. American art: History and culture. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Kirkpatrick, Sidney. The revenge of Thomas Eakins. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. MacCoubrey, John. American tradition in painting. Philadelphia: Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. Ratcliff, Carter. â€Å"Thomas Eakins: Pictured lives. † Art in America, no. 6 (June 2002), http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_6_90/ai_87022989/. Salcman, Michael. The clock made of confetti. Alexandria, Va. : Orchises, 2007. Shi, David E. Facing facts realism in American thought and culture, 1850 – 1920. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Simpson, Marc. â€Å"Thomas Eakins and His Arcadian Works. † Smithsonian Studies in American Art 1, no. 2 (1987): 71-95. Werbel, Beth. Thomas Eakins: Art, medicine, and sexuality in nineteenth-century Philadelphia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.

Strategies to Enhance Ecuadors Technological Industry

Strategies to Enhance Ecuadors Technological Industry Renny Alexander Amaguaya Llamuca Abstract Ecuador is a very diverse country, known worldwide for its gigantic capacity to generate raw material. However being a developing country many consider it as incapable of generating technology. Currently the implementation of innovation programs has allowed an interesting evolution, that is to say that the Ecuador based on the technology, processes of automation and changes the academician has the capacity to improve its economy and introduced in the field of the technological research. These ambitious projects have made the country start a technological revolution. All Ecuadorians are working hard in the training of creative students, as young minds will be in charge of generating resources and developing the country. At the same time, scientific research is becoming one of Ecuadors fortunes; the country is moving forward and has a promising future We can do it. Introduction There is no doubt that creativity is the most important human resource. Without creativity there is no progress and we would always be repeating the same patterns (Edward de Bono).It should be emphasized that the industrial revolution was a very important starting point, because a very creative mind decided to do something different and thus began the human evolution. Technology is a characteristic of the human ability to build, from raw materials; a wide variety of objects, machines and tools, as well as development. It uses the scientific knowledge in order to respond to human needs and applies at industry to obtain optimal solutions. Technological advances have become essential, just look around in every moment and place we are surrounded by it, it is always present to make the life simpler. In Ecuadorian industry, technology is indispensable. In fact, most scientific efforts focus on the creation of new technologies and raise the production. Ecuadorian universities are currently preparing young people with great skills and brilliant minds, who are focusing more on environmental innovation and on a change of the productive matrix. These universities have developed a new educational system, in which the main interest is to foster creativity and innovation. The use of technology is immeasurable and will continue to change, based on the demands of its citizens and the market. However, Ecuadors technology industry could be enhanced through a school curriculum based on creativity and innovation in these ways: 1, technological programs at schools, 2 places/vocational centers where youths can obtain practical knowledge and 3, improve automation. Technological Programs at Schools First of all, the technology industry can be enhanced in Ecuador by technological programs at schools. Schools have to strive to implement custom methods where students can increase their creativity. Those kinds of programs are planned and designed carefully to such an extent that they maintain an impeccable order so that the development of these technological activities are completely effective for a continuous learning. Activities to be carried out are structured according to the age of young people. This teaching process is very similar to that implemented at Ohio State University in Columbus. Colleges place greater emphasis on learning material [and] Jung fears that opportunities for thoughts to flow freely are fewer now than in the past(Ossola, 2014). These programs have as main component its curriculum based on creativity, which is made up of activities that can be widely developed. Those were created to be developed without previous technology experience, Rex Jung (Professor of neurosurgery at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque) said, creativity is innate, it needs to be cultivated. Inside this curriculum, students should confront flexible programs, too. A great example of this implementation is University in Columbus; Ted Clark has been working with a number of high schools throughout Ohio to integrate creative problem (flexible programs) solving into science classes(Ossola,2014). According to the article Technology, Innovation, and Education(Harvard, 2014) schools are planning to get the key to unlock the freedom of students minds, because youths use the regions of the brain involved in daydreaming and imagination(Ossola,2014) and schools want to use that imagination. According to Joe Blatt Director of TIE The Technology, Innovation, and Education Program is a proven gateway to rewarding leadership careers in creating, implementing, and evaluating educational media and technology. Technological program is a way to train creative leaders in education with a continuous and very close interaction midst faculty and students. Therefore, Ecuador has taken a similar strategy where the objective of its program is reach a high standard of education based on the correct development of the creative skills of the students. The leaders of this technological program take as an example the objectives of the Finnish education system; The Finnish system is built on trust: on autonomous learning, on the value of teacher work and on the overall quality of the proposal(The Finland Phenomenon, Compton, 2012).In short, this fact must be a huge evolution to the next generation of students whose ideas would mean an extreme change for the whole Ecuador. Places/vocational centers where youths can obtain practical knowledge. Second of all, Ecuador should create Places/vocational centers where youths can obtain practical knowledge to enhanced Industry Technology. Practical knowledge is closely related to the use of technology as a didactic learning medium, according to Scientists Are More Creative than You Might Imagine (Ossola, 2014) practical activities would appear to take the magic out of the creative process, like having to explain your own joke.It means that students are excited about the possibility of using technology and are therefore more apt to learn. In addition, during this process of up-to-date learning, not only is it possible to get more information, but also to develop skills that are exclusively developed in the practical field. Exclusively Skills from practical knowledge. According to the article Solve a Teaching Problem(Mellon University, 2015),today youths are bored of study because the old style of teaching cans their minds, students learn better with a practical knowledge so Ecuador needs places where enough technology elements are available to youths to use it freely and encourage the development of innovative technologies. When youths work for a purpose, goal or own dream, the effort will be minimal because they will be free to act. This freedom will allow you to develop your own skills such as: The opportunity to interact with peers The collaboration Student responsibility Allow to take more control over the learning process Learn to make important decisions Ecuadors technology industry needs such sites to promote the desire of young people or children to create new technologies without fear of innovation failure; It will allow a continuous innovation in the country. Improve automation. In other hand, Ecuadors technology can be enhanced by improved automation, some of the few industries still work with old technology, because their bosses still thinking that humans can do their job better than a new machine. Automation means a technological change in the industry where first of all the production will be improved in time, economy and quality. People that above all have so much creative and knowledge can change the process of production based on the imagination to solve any problem. For instance William Kamkwamba the builder of windmills in Malawi is currently working on a design for a windmill powerful enough to pump water from wells and provide lighting for Masitala, a cluster of buildings where about 60 families live (Childress, 2007). Ecuador would add a technological medium that offers a more effective production process that demonstrates the technological development of the country. In the last decade the developing countries have made a great effort to close the industrialization gap, out of a total of 142 countries analyzed in 2012, Ecuador is in the 96th position, rising twelve seats in relation to the previous year, date In which according to the 2011 WEF report, it was at 108. Today the Ecuadorian government is working on a program to attract scientists, but to achieve this, it is necessary to carry out a long-term financing policy for the development of science and technology. Ecuador wants to change the last productive matrix where it was based on buying technology, but why not create? This fact could boost to the creation of new industries, where technology and science research might enhance the Ecuadors industry. Conclusion Ecuador over the years has managed to acquire a minimal technological evolution, which has undoubtedly improved in the last decade, but is succeeding in maintaining a quality technology thanks to the small educational revolution that the country achieved. All this progress demonstrates that our culture has succeeded in improving learning and developing new skills. State-owned enterprises are currently looking for business development and better customer service, based on technologies that can provide satisfaction. Beyond importing the latest technology, the state seeks to improve the economic, social and technological structure. Ecuadorian industry should try to implement selected pilot programs to promote the environmental care, trying to be a pioneer country in technological development focused on environmental protection. Vocational centers and automation are technical keys to improving the innovation system in Ecuador. Innovative uses of technology, increasing the availability of information workstations and providing training in theoretical centers. Young people enjoyed training time to improve competition in innovation. New types of technology simulations should also be implemented in schools to improve basic curriculum training, which will make it easier to integrate technology with students. In addition, the relation between creativity and practical knowledge previously obtained will help to reduce the lack of automation in the Ecuadorian industry. Taking place to the true transformation of productive matrix. References http://teknologiateollisuus.fi/en http://teknologiateollisuus.fi/en/news/technology-industry-wants-grow http://teknologiateollisuus.fi/en/news/investments-are-necessary-increase-growth-and-jobs http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/trends/2016-technology-industry-trends http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-19/ecuador-flower-growing-improves-food-production/5902034 http://www.importancia.org/tecnologia.php http://inversion.produccion.gob.ec/en/investment-portfolio/information-and-communication-technologies/ http://www.mdx.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/creative-technology https://www.gse.harvard.edu/masters/tie https://tdc.okstate.edu/ http://www.ctdsess.in/ https://www.cmu.edu/teaching/solveproblem/strat-behaverudely/behaverudely-03.html http://www.eluniverso.com/2012/04/04/1/1356/brecha-digital-persiste-ecuador-segun-informe-fem.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2JGeGNxlh4t=24s